Cytokines are secreted or membrane-presented molecules that mediate broad cellular
functions, including development, differentiation, growth and survival. Accordingly, the …

The discovery of interleukin-2 (IL-2) changed the molecular understanding of how the
immune system is controlled. IL-2 is a pleiotropic cytokine, and dissecting the signaling …

IL-2 was first identified as a growth factor capable of driving the expansion of activated
human T cell populations. In the more than 40 years since its discovery, a tremendous …

Molecular, cellular, and clinical studies of human inborn errors of immunity have
revolutionized our understanding of their pathogenesis, considerably broadened their …

Cytokines that control the immune response were shown to have efficacy in preclinical
murine cancer models. Interferon (IFN)-α is approved for treatment of hairy cell leukemia …

Following periods of haematopoietic cell stress, such as after chemotherapy, radiotherapy,
infection and transplantation, patient outcomes are linked to the degree of immune …

The common cytokine receptor γ chain, γ c, is a component of the receptors for interleukin-2
(IL-2), IL-4, IL-7, IL-9, IL-15, and IL-21. Mutation of the gene encoding γ c results in X-linked …

More than two decades ago, experiments on the antiviral mechanisms of IFNs led to the
discovery of JAKs and their downstream effectors, the STAT proteins. This pathway has …

Interleukin-2 (IL-2) is a pleiotropic cytokine produced after antigen activation that plays
pivotal roles in the immune response. Discovered as a T cell growth factor, IL-2 additionally …

B cell activation and differentiation yields plasma cells with high affinity antibodies to a given
antigen in a time-frame that allows for host protection. Although the end product is most …