What is known about the biological activity of fish cytokines is reviewed. Most of the
functional studies performed to date have been in teleost fish, and have focused on the …

Macrophages are important players in the fight against viral, bacterial, fungal and parasitic
infections. From a resting state they may undertake two activation pathways, the classical …

Recent studies have revealed that the TAM receptor protein tyrosine kinases—TYRO3, AXL
and MER—have pivotal roles in innate immunity. They inhibit inflammation in dendritic cells …

Cytokines play a very important role in nearly all aspects of inflammation and immunity. The
term'interleukin'(IL) has been used to describe a group of cytokines with complex …

The origins of the adaptive immune system and the basis for its unique association with
vertebrate species have been a source of considerable speculation. In light of recent …

Leptin, the protein product of the obese (ob or Lep) gene, is a hormone synthesized by
adipocytes that signals available energy reserves to the brain, and thereby influences …

Bone cancers are characterised by the development of tumour cells in bone sites,
associated with a dysregulation of their environment. In the last two decades, numerous …

Cellular agriculture is defined as the production of agricultural products from cell cultures
rather than from whole plants or animals. With growing interest in cellular agriculture as a …

Cytokines are small signaling proteins that have central roles in inflammation and cell
survival. In the half-century since the discovery of the first cytokines, the interferons, over fifty …

In this review, we support taking polarized immune responses in teleost fish from a
'macrophage first'point of view, a hypothesis that reverts the dichotomous T helper (TH) 1 …