Despite decades of surveillance and pharmaceutical and non-pharmaceutical interventions,
seasonal influenza viruses continue to cause epidemics around the world each year. The …

Novel subtypes of Asian-origin (Goose/Guangdong lineage) H5 highly pathogenic avian
influenza (HPAI) viruses belonging to clade 2.3. 4, such as H5N2, H5N5, H5N6, and H5N8 …

Global dispersion of high pathogenicity avian influenza (HPAI), especially that caused by H5
clade 2.3. 4.4, has threatened poultry industries and, potentially, human health. An HPAI …

Vaccines for avian influenza (AI) can protect poultry against disease, mortality, and virus
transmission. Numerous factors, including: vaccine platform, immunogenicity, and …

The efficacy, safety, speed, scalability and cost‐effectiveness of producing hemagglutinin‐
based virus‐like particle (VLP) vaccines in plants are well‐established for human influenza …

Vaccination is a commonly used tool for the control of both low pathogenic and highly
pathogenic avian influenza (AI) viruses. Traditionally, inactivated adjuvanted vaccines made …

Avian influenza viruses (AIV) are a threat to poultry production worldwide. Vaccination is
utilized as a component of control programs for both high pathogenicity (HP) and low …

Incursion pressure of high pathogenicity avian influenza viruses (HPAIV) by secondary
spread among poultry holdings and/or from infected migratory wild bird populations …

The hemagglutination inhibition (HI) assay for influenza A virus has been used since the
1940s. The assay may be utilized to detect or quantify antibodies to influenza A viruses and …

Significant economic losses in the poultry industries have resulted from H9N2 low
pathogenic avian influenza virus infections across North Africa, the Middle East and Asia …