Estrogens play a fundamental role in the physiology of the reproductive, cardiovascular,
skeletal, and central nervous systems. In this report, we review the literature in both rodents …

This article is part of a Special Issue “Neuroendocrine-Immune Axis in Health and Disease.”
During pregnancy, it is evolutionarily advantageous for inflammatory immune responses that …

Sex based differences in immune responses, affecting both the innate and adaptive immune
responses, contribute to differences in the pathogenesis of infectious diseases in males and …

The pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis (MS) involves complex interactions between genetic
susceptibility and environmental triggers. Clinical observations suggest that the study of sex …

Microglia and astrocytes play essential roles in the maintenance of homeostasis within the
central nervous system, but mechanisms that control the magnitude and duration of …

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a disease characterized by inflammation and demyelination.
Currently, the cause of MS is unknown. Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) …

Background Relapses of multiple sclerosis decrease during pregnancy, when the hormone
estriol is increased. Estriol treatment is anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective in preclinical …

Gender medicine is the first step of personalized medicine and patient-centred care, an
essential development to achieve the standard goal of a holistic approach to patients and …

Multiple sclerosis (MS) is more prevalent in females than males, and this female
predominance is increasing as time goes by. Additionally, gender appears to play critical …

The number of people diagnosed with neurodegenerative diseases is on the rise. Many of
these diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, and …