Chronic pain is maintained in part by central sensitization, a phenomenon of synaptic
plasticity, and increased neuronal responsiveness in central pain pathways after painful …

Astrocytes are critical for maintaining the homeostasis of the CNS. Increasing evidence
suggests that a number of neurological and neuropsychiatric disorders, including chronic …

The previous decade has seen a rapid increase in microglial studies on pain, with a unique
focus on microgliosis in the spinal cord after nerve injury and neuropathic pain. Numerous …

Cytokines are key messengers by which immune cells communicate, and they drive many
physiological processes, including immune and inflammatory responses. Early discoveries …

Acute pain is protective and a cardinal feature of inflammation. Chronic pain after arthritis,
nerve injury, cancer, and chemotherapy is associated with chronic neuroinflammation, a …

Nociceptor sensory neurons protect organisms from danger by eliciting pain and driving
avoidance. Pain also accompanies many types of inflammation and injury. It is increasingly …

Interactions between central glial cells and neurons in the pain circuitry are critical
contributors to the pathogenesis of chronic pain. In the central nervous system (CNS), two …

Current analgesics predominately modulate pain transduction and transmission in neurons
and have limited success in controlling disease progression. Accumulating evidence …

Acute and chronic pain complaints, although common, are generally poorly served by
existing therapies. This unmet clinical need reflects a failure to develop novel classes of …

Some forms of regulated cell death, such as apoptosis, are precipitated by the activation of
cysteine proteases of the caspase family, including caspase 8, 9, and 3. Other caspases …