Every living organism on the surface of the earth is exposed to the ultraviolet (UV) fraction of
the sunlight. This electromagnetic energy has both life‐giving and life‐endangering effects …

The transition from a normal cell to a neoplastic cell is a complex process and involves both
genetic and epigenetic changes. The process of carcinogenesis begins when the DNA is …

Keratinocyte (KC) apoptosis plays a critical role in regulating epidermal development and
restraining carcinogenesis. Apoptosis balances proliferation to maintain epidermal …

The p53 tumor suppressor gene and gene product are among the most diverse and complex
molecules involved in cellular functions. Genetic alterations within the p53 gene have been …

Background: The high and steadily increasing incidence of ultraviolet-B (UV-B)-induced skin
cancer is a problem recognized worldwide. UV introduces different types of damage into the …

Besides induction of DNA damage and p53 mutations, chronic exposure to UV irradiation
leads to the constitutive up‐regulation of cyclo‐oxygenase‐2 (COX‐2) expression and to …

Pterygium is a multifaceted pathology that displays apparent conflicting characteristics:
benign (eg, self-limiting and superficial), bad (eg, proliferative and potentially recurrent) and …

Histochemistry deals with the activities of chemical components in cells, and
immunohistochemistry addresses the function of cell types in tissue or organs, such as those …

Once mutated, a single cell must expand into a clone before becoming significant for
carcinogenesis. The forces driving clonal expansion and the obstacles that must be …

The potential health effects of elevated levels of ambient UV-B radiation are diverse, and it is
difficult to quantify the risks, especially as they are likely to be considerably modified by …