This review is focused on free-electron lasers (FELs) in the hard to soft x-ray regime. The
aim is to provide newcomers to the area with insights into: the basic physics of FELs, the …

The effect of a dense plasma environment on the energy levels of an embedded ion is
usually described in terms of the lowering of its continuum level. For strongly coupled …

Experiments creating extreme states of matter almost invariably create non-equilibrium
states. These are very interesting in their own right but need to be understood even if the …

The advent of x-ray free-electron lasers has enabled a range of new experimental
investigations into the properties of matter driven to extreme conditions via intense x-ray …

Our understanding of physical systems often depends on our ability to match complex
computational modeling with the measured experimental outcomes. However, simulations …

Electron-ion collisional dynamics is of fundamental importance in determining plasma
transport properties, nonequilibrium plasma evolution, and electron damage in diffraction …

Giant impact–driven redox processes in the atmosphere and magma ocean played crucial
roles in the evolution of Earth. However, because of the absence of rock records from that …

For low-density plasmas, the classical limit described by the Debye-Hückel theory is still
considered as an appropriate description even though a clear experimental proof of this …

We present measurements of the spectrally resolved x rays emitted from solid-density
magnesium targets of varying sub-μ m thicknesses isochorically heated by an x-ray laser …

High-intensity X-ray free-electron laser (XFEL) beams create transient and non-equilibrium
dense states of matter in solid-density targets. These states can be used to develop atomic X …