The discovery of insulin 100 years ago and its application to the treatment of human disease
in the years since have marked a major turning point in the history of medicine. The …

The mechanism of insulin action is a central theme in biology and medicine. In addition to
the rather rare condition of insulin deficiency caused by autoimmune destruction of …

The liver is an essential metabolic organ, and its metabolic activity is tightly controlled by
insulin and other metabolic hormones. Glucose is metabolized into pyruvate through …

Insulin resistance is a major underlying mechanism for the “metabolic syndrome”, which is
also known as insulin resistance syndrome. Metabolic syndrome is increasing at an …

Mitochondrial dysfunction has been implicated in the development of insulin resistance (IR);
however, a large variety of association and intervention studies as well as genetic …

Metabolic syndrome (MS) is a collection of cardiometabolic risk factors that includes obesity,
insulin resistance, hypertension, and dyslipidemia. Although there has been significant …

Premenopausal women exhibit enhanced insulin sensitivity and reduced incidence of type 2
diabetes (T2D) compared with age-matched men, but this advantage disappears after …

Despite the well-documented association between insulin resistance and cardiovascular
disease, the key targets of insulin relevant to the development of cardiovascular disease are …

In recent years, an emerging body of evidence has forged links between Parkinson's
disease (PD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). In observational studies, those with …

Insulin resistance (IR) affects not only the regulation of carbohydrate metabolism but all
aspects of lipid and lipoprotein metabolism. IR is associated with increased secretion of …