Cardiovascular Diseases (CVDs) are the leading cause of death globally. More than 17
million people die worldwide from CVD per year. There is considerable evidence suggesting …

Estrogens mediate profound effects throughout the body and regulate physiological and
pathological processes in both women and men. The low prevalence of many diseases in …

Oestrogens and their receptors contribute broadly to physiology and diseases. In
premenopausal women, endogenous oestrogens protect against cardiovascular, metabolic …

Estrogen has pleiotropic effects on the cardiovascular system. The mechanisms by which
estrogen confers these pleiotropic effects are undergoing active investigation. Until a …

The actions of estrogens and related estrogenic molecules are complex and multifaceted in
both sexes. A wide array of natural, synthetic, and therapeutic molecules target pathways …

Estrogen has important effects on cardiovascular function including regulation of vascular
function, blood pressure, endothelial relaxation, and the development of hypertrophy and …

The prevalence of left ventricular diastolic dysfunction (LVDD) sharply increases in women
after menopause and may lead to heart failure. While evidence suggests that estrogens …

Background Estrogen is formed by the enzyme aromatase (CYP19A1) and signals via three
identified receptors ERα (ESR1), ERß (ESR2), and the G protein-coupled estrogen receptor …

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death globally for men and women.
Premenopausal women have a lower incidence of hypertension and other cardiovascular …

Estrogens are potent regulators of vasomotor tone, yet underlying receptor-and ligand-
specific signaling pathways remain poorly characterized. The primary physiological …