After the first discovery in the 1980s in F-plasmids as a plasmid maintenance system, a
myriad of toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems has been identified in bacterial chromosomes and …

Plasmids have a major role in the development of disease caused by enteric bacterial
pathogens. Virulence plasmids are usually large (> 40 kb) low copy elements and encode …

The F plasmid or F-factor is a large, 100-kbp, circular conjugative plasmid of Escherichia coli
and was originally described as a vector for horizontal gene transfer and gene …

Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) is a leading cause of
gastroenteritis and bacteraemia worldwide, and a model organism for the study of host …

Multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacteria such as Acinetobacter baumannii,
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and members of the Enterobacterales order are a challenging …

Toxin-Antitoxin (TA) systems are abundant in prokaryotes and play an important role in
various biological processes such as plasmid maintenance, phage inhibition, stress …

Toxin–antitoxin (TA) genes were first reported in plasmids and were considered expendable
genetic cassettes involved in the stable maintenance of the plasmid replicon by interfering …

Evidence for gene non-functionalization due to mutational processes is found in genomes in
the form of pseudogenes. Pseudogenes are known to be rare in prokaryote chromosomes …

Toxin-antitoxin (TA) systems are small genetic elements composed of a noxious toxin and a
counteracting cognate antitoxin. Although they are widespread in bacterial chromosomes …

Invasive non-typhoidal Salmonella (iNTS) from the clonal type ST313 (S. Typhimurium
ST313) is the primary cause of invasive salmonellosis in Africa. Recently, in Brazil, iNTS …