The use of substances and medications with potential cardiovascular effects among those
practicing sports and physical activity has progressively increased in recent years. This is …

Performance-enhancing substances (PESs) have unfortunately become ubiquitous in
numerous sports, often tarnishing the spirit of competition. Reported rates of PES use among …

Acclimatization to moderate high altitude accompanied by training at low altitude (living high-
training low) has been shown to improve sea level endurance performance in …

Abstract The World Anti-Doping Agency is responsible for maintaining a Prohibited List that
describes the use of substances and methods that are prohibited for athletes. The list …

The aim of this review is to discuss some issues in the design and statistical analysis of sport
performance research, rather than to supply an authoritative 'cookbook'of methods. In …

The use of doping agents is evident within competitive sport in senior and junior age groups,
where they are taken by non-elite as well as elite participants. They are also taken in non …

Objectives: The purpose of this research was to study long-term left ventricular (LV)
adaptations in very-high-level endurance athletes. Background: Knowledge of cardiac …

Intermittent hypoxic training (IHT) refers to the discontinuous use of normobaric or hypobaric
hypoxia, in an attempt to reproduce some of the key features of altitude acclimatization, with …

The effect of live high-train low on hemoglobin mass (Hbmass) and red cell volume (RCV) in
elite endurance athletes is still controversial. We expected that Hbmass and RCV would …

The use of drugs and supplements to enhance performance has become a part of
mainstream athletics. Many team physicians and sports medicine practitioners are unfamiliar …