The origins of novel complex phenotypes represent one of the most fundamental, yet largely
unresolved, issues in evolutionary biology. Here we explore the developmental genetic …

Beetle horns represent an evolutionary novelty exhibiting remarkable diversity above and
below the species level. Here, we show that four typical appendage patterning genes …

An ongoing challenge to evolutionary developmental biology is to understand how
developmental evolution on the level of populations and closely related species relates to …

The arthropods display a wide range of morphological diversity, varying tagmosis, as well as
other aspects of the body plan, such as appendage and cuticular morphology. Here we …

The conservation of expression of appendage patterning genes, particularly Distal-less, has
been shown in a wide taxonomic sampling of animals. However, the functional significance …

Arthropod bodies are formed by a series of appendage-bearing segments, and appendages
have diversified both along the body axis within species and between species …

Many scarab beetles produce rigid projections from the body called horns. The exaggerated
sizes of these structures and the staggering diversity of their forms have impressed …

A major challenge in evolutionary developmental biology is to understand how
developmental evolution on the level of populations and closely related species relates to …

Genitalia play an important role in the life histories of insects, as in other animals. These
sexually dimorphic structures evolve rapidly and derive from multiple body segments …

It is arguable that the evolutionary and ecological success of insects is due in large part to
the versatility of their articulated appendages. Recent advances in our understanding of …