TLRs have been studied extensively in the context of pathogen challenges, yet their role in
the unchallenged lung is unknown. Given their direct interface with the external …

Current data suggest that Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), a key molecule in the innate immune
response, may also be activated following tissue injury. Activation of this receptor is known …

Toll-like receptors (TLRs) exert important nonimmune functions in lung homeostasis. TLR4
deficiency promotes pulmonary emphysema. We examined the role of TLR4 in regulating …

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is the third leading cause of morbidity and
death and imposes major socioeconomic burdens globally. It is a progressive and disabling …

We tested the hypotheses that 1) inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) mediates ozone
(O3)-induced lung hyperpermeability and 2) mRNA levels of the gene for iNOS (Nos2) are …

Rationale: Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is characterized by vascular cell
proliferation and endothelial cell apoptosis. TLR3 (Toll-like receptor 3) is a receptor for …

Inhalation of toxins commonly found in air pollution contributes to the development and
progression of asthma and environmental airway injury. In this study, we investigated the …

Lung disease causes significant morbidity and mortality, and is exacerbated by
environmental injury, for example through lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or ozone (O3). Toll-like …

Abstract Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 is critical for endotoxin recognition and cellular responses.
Using Tlr4 transgenic mice, we investigated the influence of Tlr4 gene dosage on acute …

Inhalation of toxic doses of ozone is associated with a sterile inflammatory response
characterized by an accumulation of macrophages in the lower lung which are activated to …