Economic and population growths are the most important drivers of growing global energy
demand. They led to a rapid development of international seaborne trade and an increase in …

The stringent ship emission regulations under IMO's (International Maritime Organization)
MARPOL Annex VI are a main driver to consider liquefied natural gas (LNG) as a ship fuel …

Today, most merchant vessels use Heavy Fuel Oils (HFOs) for ship propulsion. These fuels
are cost effective but they produce significant amounts of noxious emissions. In order to …

Short sea shipping is facing harder requirements on exhaust emissions in the coming years
as stricter regulations are enforced in some regions of the world. In addition, shortage of …

The environmental effects of conventional fossil fuels used in maritime sector is a well-
studied subject and various methods, ie hull optimization, engine modifications, alternative …

As environmental regulations on sulphur emissions become more severe, the maritime
sector is looking for alternative solutions. This study evaluates greenhouse gas (GHG) …

This paper discusses the suitability of using natural gas as a fuel for marine gas turbine
electric propulsion (DFGE), utilizing natural boil-off gas and forced boil-off gas, as well as …

Climate change and severe emission regulations in many countries demand fuel and
engine researchers to explore sustainable fuels for internal combustion engines. Natural …

Liquefied natural gas (LNG) is becoming a viable,“green” alternative to marine fuel oil for
ship propulsion. The present study investigates the expected impact on sustainability of …

The shipping industry has paid unprecedented attention to reducing emissions and pollution
in recent years. In particular, the International Maritime Organization has enacted many …