Directed evolution remains a powerful, highly generalizable approach for improving the
performance of biological systems. However, implementations in eukaryotes rely either on in …

With the rapid development of DNA synthesis and next-generation sequencing, synthetic
biology that aims to standardize, modularize, and innovate cellular functions, has achieved …

Over the past few years, genome sequences have become available from an increasing
range of yeast species, which has led to notable advances in our understanding of …

Over the past 20 years, directed evolution has been seen to be the most reliable approach to
protein engineering. Emulating the natural selection algorithm, ad hoc enzymes with novel …

Synthetic biology toolkits are one of the core foundations on which the field has been built,
facilitating and accelerating efforts to reprogram cells and organisms for diverse …

Saccharomyces cerevisiae is an increasingly attractive host for synthetic biology because of
its long history in industrial fermentations. However, until recently, most synthetic biology …

Genome sequencing provides complete parts lists of organisms. This presents the obvious
challenge of determining how each gene contributes to the life of the organism. This task …

Precise control over microbial cell growth conditions could enable detection of minute
phenotypic changes, which would improve our understanding of how genotypes are shaped …

The ability to switch a gene from off to on and monitor dynamic changes provides a powerful
approach for probing gene function and elucidating causal regulatory relationships. Here …

Recent evidence demonstrates that novel protein-coding genes can arise de novo from non-
genic loci. This evolutionary innovation is thought to be facilitated by the pervasive …