The anatomy, physiology, and pharmacology of an intrinsic neural network that monitors and
modulates the activity of pain‐transmitting neurons is reviewed. This system can be …

In 1978, we published two reviews on pain control mechanisms in the central nervous
system. One concentrated on brainstem control of spinal nociceptive neurons (Fields & …

That the brain stem, particularly the reticular core, is involved in the receipt and processing
of sensory information of wide variety, including pain, is well appreciated [eg …

It has long been recognized that there are central nervous system mechanisms that can
strikingly alter the perception of noxious stimuli. Indeed, recent theoretical treatments of pain …

Over the past several years information has been gathered in three major areas related to
pain transmission and its modulation. The new information concerns first, the nature and …

The mammalian central nervous system possesses well-defined networks that modulate
nociceptive transmission. The most extensively studied are the networks that underlie …

Much progress has been made the understanding of endogenous pain controlling systems.
Recently, new concepts and ideas which are derived from neurobiology, chaos research …

We review many of the recent findings concerning mechanisms and pathways for pain and
its modulation, emphasizing sensitization and the modulation of nociceptors and of dorsal …

2. Background In the 19th and 20th century, there was a heated debate (for review, see Ref.
7) whether the presence of noxious stimuli is signaled by specific receptors and neural …

According to the schema introduced by Sherrington (1906), receptor systems belonging to
the cutaneous senses may be included in the class of exteroceptors that are activated by …