Longitudinal data analysis for discrete and continuous outcomes

SL Zeger, KY Liang - Biometrics, 1986 - JSTOR
Longitudinal data sets are comprised of repeated observations of an outcome and a set of
covariates for each of many subjects. One objective of statistical analysis is to describe the …

Models for longitudinal data: a generalized estimating equation approach

SL Zeger, KY Liang, PS Albert - Biometrics, 1988 - JSTOR
This article discusses extensions of generalized linear models for the analysis of
longitudinal data. Two approaches are considered: subject-specific (SS) models in which …

Longitudinal data analysis using generalized linear models

KY Liang, SL Zeger - Biometrika, 1986 - academic.oup.com
This paper proposes an extension of generalized linear models to the analysis of
longitudinal data. We introduce a class of estimating equations that give consistent …

Longitudinal data analysis. A comparison between generalized estimating equations and random coefficient analysis

JWR Twisk - European journal of epidemiology, 2004 - Springer
The analysis of data from longitudinal studies requires special techniques, which take into
account the fact that the repeated measurements within one individual are correlated. In this …

Estimation of the causal effect of a time-varying exposure on the marginal mean of a repeated binary outcome

JM Robins, S Greenland, FC Hu - Journal of the American …, 1999 - Taylor & Francis
We provide sufficient conditions for estimating from longitudinal data the causal effect of a
time-dependent exposure or treatment on the marginal probability of response for a …

A comparison of the generalized estimating equation approach with the maximum likelihood approach for repeated measurements

T Park - Statistics in Medicine, 1993 - Wiley Online Library
Liang and Zeger proposed an extension of generalized linear models to the analysis of
longitudinal data. Their approach is closely related to quasi‐likelihood methods and can …

Fixed effects, random effects and GEE: What are the differences?

JC Gardiner, Z Luo, LA Roman - Statistics in medicine, 2009 - Wiley Online Library
For analyses of longitudinal repeated‐measures data, statistical methods include the
random effects model, fixed effects model and the method of generalized estimating …

The analysis of binary longitudinal data with time independent covariates

SL Zeger, KY Liang, SG Self - Biometrika, 1985 - academic.oup.com
This paper considers extensions of logistic regression to the case where the binary outcome
variable is observed repeatedly for each subject. We propose two working models that lead …

An overview of methods for the analysis of longitudinal data

SL Zeger, KY Liang - Statistics in medicine, 1992 - Wiley Online Library
This paper reviews statistical methods for the analysis of discrete and continuous
longitudinal data. The relative merits of longitudinal and cross‐sectional studies are …

Statistical analysis of correlated data using generalized estimating equations: an orientation

JA Hanley, A Negassa, MDB Edwardes… - American journal of …, 2003 - academic.oup.com
The method of generalized estimating equations (GEE) is often used to analyze longitudinal
and other correlated response data, particularly if responses are binary. However, few …