The innate immune system in drosophila and mammals senses the invasion of
microorganisms using the family of Toll receptors, stimulation of which initiates a range of …

The Toll family of proteins is central to Drosophila host defense against microbial infection.
Maintained throughout evolution, mammalian Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are proteins that …

The Toll signaling pathway, which is required for the establishment of the dorsal–ventral axis
in Drosophila embryos, plays an important role in the response of larval and adult …

In 1997, a human homologue of the Drosophila Toll protein was described, a protein later to
be designated Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). Since that time, additional human and murine …

Toll is a Drosophila gene essential for ontogenesis and antimicrobial resistance. Several
hortologues of Toll have been identified and cloned in vertebrates, namely Toll‐like …

Drosophila Toll is involved not only in dorsoventral patterning of embryos but also in
immune responses to microbial infection. Several Toll-like receptors (TLRs) have also been …

Toll is a Drosophila gene essential for ontogenesis and anti-microbial resistance. Several
orthologues of Toll have been identified and cloned in vertebrates, namely Toll-like …

The Toll signalling pathway, which is required for establishment of dorsoventral polarity in
Drosophila embryos, plays an important role in the response to microbial infections …

In Drosophila, the Toll family of proteins is responsible for the recognition of bacteria and
fungi. In mammals, Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are able to recognize and respond to microbial …

Beginning in 1997 with the identification of the first human homologue of the Drosophila
protein Toll, a family of related molecules have been identified in both humans and other …