The hyoid apparatus in fossil Xenarthrans is rarely preserved. Its largest bone, the stylohyal,
is the most frequently found as an isolated element. It is known for some species of …

The Silurian thelodont Phlebolepis elegans Pander from Saaremaa, Estonia, is one of the
most-often illustrated early vertebrates, yet its external morphology has remained poorly …

Hyolithids are a group of Paleozoic lophotrochozoans with a four-pieced skeleton consisting
of a conch, an operculum, and a pair of lateral 'spines' named helens. Both the conch and …

Abstract The South American Lujanian (= late Pleistocene) megafauna has many members
of large body size, but only recently have body masses been reliably estimated using both …

Reconstruction of soft tissues in fossil vertebrates is an enduring challenge for
paleontologists. Because inferences must be based on evidence from hard tissues (typically …

The exceptionally preserved hyolithids Gompholites striatulus, Maxilites robustus, Maxilites
snajdri and Maxilites sp. are described with particular emphasis on helen and muscle scar …

The stylohyoideum is part of the hyoid apparatus, which is situated deep in the throat of
extant and extinct proboscideans, and has been regarded as a key structure in their …

When first described based on isolated scales, Ligulalepis was assigned to the
Palaeoniscoidea, a basal group of actinopterygians (ray-finned fishes). Recent cladistic …

Chondrichthyan-like scales with simple, single-odontode crowns, reminiscent of those of
euselachians, have been reported from Silurian strata in a number of previous studies …

The analysis of the hyoid apparatus of fossil xenarthrans provides insight on the form of the
tongue and its function in food intake and intraoral processing. The hyoid apparatus of …