This article gives an overview of the electrochemical biosensors that incorporate genetically
modified enzymes. Firstly, the improvements on the sensitivity and selectivity of biosensors …

The accurate determination of analyte concentrations with selective, fast, and robust
methods is the key for process control, product analysis, environmental compliance, and …

This review summarizes the fundamentals of the phenomenon of electron transfer (ET)
reactions occurring in redox enzymes that were widely employed for the development of …

Enzymes are very efficient biocatalysts, which have the ability to specifically recognize their
substrates and to catalyze their transformation. These unique properties make the enzymes …

Among the known types of electrochemical biosensors, the third generation based on the
ability of some enzymes to direct electron transfer (DET) is the most promising one. The …

Self-assembled monolayers of thiolated compounds are used as promoters for protein–
electrode reactions. They provide an anchor group based on thiol chemisorptions and also a …

The combination of the high specificity of enzymatic catalysis with the simplicity
ofamperometric detectors is proving to be a successful route to creating low-cost sensors …

Highlights•Protein engineering has been widely used to improve biosensor performance.•
Enzymatic catalysis and electron transfer both play essential roles.•Oriented enzyme …

New generations of biosensors are emerging that are based on novel and promising
transducers such as miniature, reagentless-mediated electrodes, field-effect transistors …

Biosensors, a concept that originated from the guidance of nature, is a subject of great
interest in recent years. A biosensor is an analytical device comprising of a biological …