It has become evident that aggregation or biofilm formation is an important survival
mechanism for bacteria in almost any environment. In this review, we summarize recent …

Chronic infections present a serious economic burden to health-care systems. The severity
and prevalence of chronic infections are continuously increasing due to an aging population …

Acute infections caused by pathogenic bacteria have been studied extensively for well over
100 years. These infections killed millions of people in previous centuries, but they have …

Biofilms have conventionally been perceived as dense bacterial masses on surfaces,
following the five-step model of development. Initial biofilm research focused on surface …

The high prevalence and significance of multispecies biofilms have now been demonstrated
in various bacterial habitats with medical, industrial, and ecological relevance. It is highly …

Direct observation of a wide range of natural microorganisms has revealed the fact that the
majority of microbes persist as surface‐attached communities surrounded by matrix …

Bacteria can grow and proliferate either as single, independent cells or organized in
aggregates commonly referred to as biofilms. When bacteria succeed in forming a biofilm …

Bacteria can form single-and multispecies biofilms exhibiting diverse features based upon
the microbial composition of their community and microenvironment. The study of bacterial …

Several pathogenic bacterial species that are found in the environment can form complex
multicellular structures on surfaces known as biofilms. Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Vibrio …

Several pathogens associated with chronic infections, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa
in cystic fibrosis pneumonia, Haemophilus influenzae and Streptococcus pneumoniae in …