Exosomes, as the main group of extracellular vesicles, are biologically active lipid-bilayer
vesicles that are naturally released from different types of normal or tumor cells. These …

Exosomes are bioactive lipid bilayer vesicles released by most cells to mediate intercellular
signal communication. Tumor cells release exosomes transmitting signals cell-to-cell and …

The interaction of programmed cell death 1 ligand 1 (PDL1) with its receptor programmed
cell death 1 (PD1) inhibits T cell responses, and blockade of this interaction has proven to …

Programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1), a type I transmembrane protein, binds to its receptor
PD-1 to suppress the activation of T cells, thereby maintaining immunological homeostasis …

Programmed cell death 1 ligand 1 (PD-L1) is the ligand for programmed death protein-1 (PD-
1), is associated with immunosuppression. Signaling via PD-1/PD-L1 will transmits negative …

As a classical immune checkpoint molecule, PD-L1 on the surface of tumor cells plays a
pivotal role in tumor immunosuppression, primarily by inhibiting the antitumor activities of T …

The use of immune checkpoint therapies targeting programmed death-1 (PD-1) and its
ligand (PD-L1) continue to show limited durable success in clinical cases despite …

Inhibiting the programmed cell death ligand‐1 (PD‐L1)/programmed cell death receptor‐1
(PD‐1) signaling axis reinvigorates the antitumor immune response with remarkable clinical …

Metastasis is the main cause of death in individuals with cancer. Immune checkpoint
blockade (ICB) can potentially reverse CD8+ cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) dysfunction …

PD-L1 on the surface of tumor cells binds its receptor PD-1 on effector T cells, thereby
suppressing their activity. Antibody blockade of PD-L1 can activate an anti-tumor immune …