Background Arteries from boys with hypospadias demonstrate hypercontractility and
impaired vasorelaxation. The role of sex hormones in these responses in unclear. Aims We …

Background: Hypospadias in boys may be associated with a lack of androgen exposure
during the masculinisation programming window. As testosterone has effects on the …

Hypospadias, defined as the abnormal positioning of the urethral opening in boys, occurs in
approximately 1 in 300 live births and may be associated with insufficient androgen …

Aims Hypogonadism is associated with cardiovascular disease. However, the
cardiovascular impact of hypogonadism during development is unknown. Using …

Testosterone levels have been linked to cardiovascular (patho) physiology; however, the
data are conflicting, which might reflect the different stages of development in which these …

Introduction: Abnormal development of the genital tract during the first trimester can lead to
hypospadias. This stage coincides with the programming window during which androgens …

Background: Sex hormones influence vascular function. Whether boys with hypospadias
who have insufficient androgen exposure during the masculinisation programming window …

Background: Hypospadias in boys may be associated with a lack of androgen exposure
during the masculinisation programming window. As testosterone has effects on the …

Background Hypospadias is a frequently occurring congenital anomaly in male infants, in
which the opening of the urethra is located along the ventral side of the penis. Although …

Hypospadias is a birth defect of males in which the urethral meatus, is abnormally located
on the ventral side of the penis. Studies have shown an association between prematurity …