A multiple hierarchy stratification perspective was adopted to investigate outdoor recreation
constraints for 3,000 Texans interviewed by telephone in 1998. This theoretical perspective …

The purpose of this study is to empirically test the multiple hierarchy stratification perspective
on outdoor recreation participation. Data for this study are from a telephone survey …

Outdoor recreation has been an integral part of American life for many decades. While
overall participation in outdoor recreation is expected to grow with the population …

This paper considers reported constraints to participation in terms of leisure activity and
demographic characteristics. A regionally stratified random sample of 2024 Ontario …

We assess whether traditionally marginalized groups in American society (African-
Americans, women, rural dwellers) perceive more constraints to outdoor recreation …

This paper reports on the findings of a study that examined constraints on leisure
experienced by African American, Latinx and Asian users and nonusers of recreation …

Many recent models of leisure constraints make no mention or measurement of race at any
level of analysis despite its continuing importance in US society. This study investigated the …

The use of cluster analysis shifts attention away from the “constraints-oriented perspective”
typical in leisure constraints research (ie, how a particular constraint or type of constraint …

Using data derived from two provincewide surveys of the general public of Alberta, Canada,
two empirical questions were addressed:(a) What constraints to leisure do women and men …

This paper examines three assumptions in previous leisure constraints research:(1) that only
two meaningful groups of non-participants exist (those who do not wish to participate, and …