Plants are constantly exposed to various abiotic and biotic stresses in nature. Abiotic
stresses such as salinity, drought and extreme temperatures (heat, cold and freezing) are …

Abiotic stresses have a detrimental impact on plant growth and productivity and are a major
threat to sustainable crop production in rapidly changing environments. Proline, an …

Oxidative stress is common in plants growing under extreme environments, such as water
shortage, salinity, heavy metals, and temperature extremes. To overcome oxidative stress …

Dramatic accumulation of proline is a common physiological response in plants exposed to
various abiotic stresses. Accumulation of proline could be due to de novo synthesis …

Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are continuously generated as a consequence of plant
metabolic processes due to incomplete reduction of O 2. Previously considered to be only …

When exposed to stressful conditions, plants accumulate an array of metabolites, particularly
amino acids. Amino acids have traditionally been considered as precursors to and …

Proline accumulates in many plant species in response to environmental stress. Although
much is now known about proline metabolism, some aspects of its biological functions are …

Climate change and abiotic stress factors are key players in crop losses worldwide. Among
which, extreme temperatures (heat and cold) disturb plant growth and development, reduce …

Proline (Pro) is a pivotal and multifunctional amino acid that can play a significant role not in
just plant developmental processes but also in responses of biotic and abiotic stress. This …

Proline is a multifunctional amino acid that is accumulated in high concentrations in plants
under various stress conditions. Proline accumulation is intimately connected to many …