The cytokine IL-21 is a regulator of B cell responses, increasing antibody quantity and
quality. Here, we report IL-21's role during germinal center initiation, where it increases the …

Germinal centers (GCs) are crucial structures for regulating B cell differentiation and fine-
tuning antibody responses. IL-21 has broad effects on many immune and non-immune cells …

The cytokine interleukin-21 (IL-21) is a pivotal T cell-derived signal crucial for germinal
center (GC) responses, but the precise mechanisms by which IL-21 influences B cell …

Germinal centers (GC) are the sites of B cell clonal expansion, somatic hypermutation and
clonal selection, a process that leads to the production of antibodies of higher affinity [1](# ref …

Germinal centers (GCs) are specialized microstructures that emerge within secondary
lymphoid organs, typically around 4 to 5 days following immunization or infection. GCs serve …

Abstract Interleukin 21 (IL-21) is a pleiotropic cytokine that is overproduced in multiple
autoimmune settings. Provision of IL-21 from follicular helper T cells is an important …

B cells are exposed to innate and T cell stimuli during the antibody response, although
whether and how they functionally integrate such signals are unclear. Here we have …

The existence of B cells was discovered in 1890 by Emil von Behring and Shibasaburo
Kitasato (1). One of the earliest discovered functions of T cells was to help B cells, which led …

IL-21 is a type I cytokine that shares the common receptor γ-chain with IL-2, IL-4, IL-7, IL-9,
and IL-15. B cells are one of the lymphoid cell types whose development and function are …

Germinal centers (GCs), transient structures within B cell follicles and central to affinity
maturation, require the coordinated behavior of T and B cells. IL-21, a pleiotropic T cell …