Tests with vertebrates are an integral part of environmental hazard identification and risk
assessment of chemicals, plant protection products, pharmaceuticals, biocides, feed …

The need for alternative approaches to the use of vertebrate animals for hazard assessment
of chemicals and pollutants has become of increasing importance. It is now the first …

The object of toxicological testing is to predict possible adverse effect in humans when
exposed to chemicals whether used as industrial chemicals, pharmaceuticals or pesticides …

We have assessed each of the OECD Health Effects Test Guidelines (TGs) that were
included in an annex to the Internet consultation issued by the European Commission …

The Adverse Outcome Pathway (AOP) concept is expected to guide risk assessors in their
work to use all existing information on the effects of chemicals on humans and wildlife, and …

The development of non-animal methodology to evaluate the potential for a chemical to
cause systemic toxicity is one of the grand challenges of modern science. The European …

Abstract Model species (eg, granivorous gamebirds, waterfowl, passerines, domesticated
rodents) have been used for decades in guideline laboratory tests to generate survival …

Safety assessment of chemicals and products in the European Union (EU) is based on
decades of practice using primarily animal toxicity studies to model hazardous effects in …

Public concern for animal welfare has been expressed through legislative control of animal
use for experimental purposes since the first legislation was introduced in 1876 in the United …

There is increasing awareness of the need to protect and enhance the quality of human life
and to better protect the environment against the effects of human activities of all kinds. This …