In natural settings, approximately 40–80% of bacteria exist as biofilms, most of which are
mixed-species biofilms. Previous studies have typically focused on single-or dual-species …

It has been found previously that Bifidobacterium longum, Bacteroides ovatus, Enterococcus
faecalis, and Lactobacillus gasseri can form a biofilm better when co-cultured in vitro and B …

Bacterial biofilms are communities of adhering bacteria that express distinct properties
compared to their free-living counterparts, including increased antibiotic tolerance and …

Bacterial species in the human gut predominantly exist in the form of mixed-species biofilms
on mucosal surfaces. In this study, the biofilm-forming ability of many human gut bacterial …

Microbiota clusters are present in different body parts, but the huge diversity found in the
gastrointestinal (GI) tract are termed “gut microbiota,” and play vital a role in different …

Our knowledge regarding the nature and development of microbial biofilms has grown
significantly since the first report of these communities by Antonie van Leeuwenhoek in the …

Microbes inhabit various environments, such as soil, water environments, plants, and
animals. Humans harbor a complex commensal microbial community in the gastrointestinal …

Existence of most bacterial species, in natural, industrial, and clinical settings in the form of
surface-adhered communities or biofilms has been well acknowledged for decades …

The high prevalence and significance of multispecies biofilms have now been demonstrated
in various bacterial habitats with medical, industrial, and ecological relevance. It is highly …

The gastrointestinal (GI) tract is the largest reservoir of microbiota in the human body;
however, it is still challenging to estimate the distribution and life patterns of microbes …