Neurons of the avian nucleus laminaris (NL) compute the interaural time difference (ITD) by
detecting coincident arrivals of binaural signals with submillisecond accuracy. The cellular …

Both the mammalian and avian auditory systems localize sound sources by computing the
interaural time difference (ITD) with submillisecond accuracy. The neural circuits for this …

Interaural time difference (ITD), or the difference in timing of a sound wave arriving at the two
ears, is a fundamental cue for sound localization. A wide variety of animals have specialized …

In birds and mammals, precisely timed spikes encode the timing of acoustic stimuli, and
interaural acoustic disparities propagate to binaural processing centers. The Jeffress model …

A wide variety of neurons encode temporal information via phase-locked spikes. In the avian
auditory brainstem, neurons in the cochlear nucleus magnocellularis (NM) send phase …

Detecting interaural time difference (ITD) is crucial for sound localization. The temporal
accuracy required to detect ITD, and how ITD is initially encoded, continue to puzzle …

The auditory systems of birds and mammals use timing information from each ear to detect
interaural time difference (ITD). To determine whether the Jeffress-type algorithms that …

The localization of sounds requires the detection of very brief inter‐aural time differences
(ITDs). In birds, ITDs are first encoded in neurons of the nucleus laminaris (NL) through the …

The interaural time difference (ITD) is the primary auditory cue used by the barn owl for
localization in the horizontal direction. ITD is initially computed by circuits consisting of …

Understanding binaural perception requires detailed analyses of the neural circuitry
responsible for the computation of interaural time differences (ITDs). In the avian brainstem …