… Those historical results fully support the synthesis proposed in the articles in this review
series. The oscillator mechanisms do not primarily compete with each; they entrain each other. …

… uptake and release forming additional oscillator mechanism in pacemaker cells, termed Ca
2… concept that coupled-clock pacemaker system controls the cardiac pacemaker cell function. …

… It measured 6 cm in diameter by 15 cm thick and contained a blocking oscillator generating
a … In the VAT mode a possibility of competition exists between the ventricular pacing resulting …

… these independent pacemaking oscillators in the heart are assigned … of cardiac pacemaking
activity has historically been under … In this review, we have presented these hypotheses and …

… sinoatrial node (SAN), the heart’s natural pacemaker, there are at least two oscillatory … ,
generating rhythmic pacemaking.’ Whether the origin of the cellular oscillation is subcellular or …

… evolution of pacemaker mechanisms (4), this critical review discusses only those limited
historical aspects … In their recent article “Competing oscillators in cardiac pacemaking: historical …

… 9b) consisted of a transistor oscillator and an amplifier energized by 10 mercuryzinc cells. …
it solves the competitive pacing problem. Early in the development of pacemakers, various …

… This conclusion is strengthened by the fact that the pacemaker current (I,,,) reverses past the
… this prevents Purkinje fibers from competing with SAN under normal circumstances, a safety …

… Few areas of cardiac cellular electrophysiology had more intense debate over the years …
In the last two decades, we could witness the struggle of two competing oscillator concepts …

… (2010) in “Competing oscillators in cardiac pacemaking”: “… 2016), I mentioned some personal
historical notes. Afterwards, … a more substantial review on the historical evolution of cardiac …