… implementation of a fee on Bt seed is a sustainable alternative to the currently applied refuge
strategy for managing the common pool of Bt-susceptibility alleles in pest populations. The …

… The higher adoption rates are assumed to reflect greater grower … Sustainable development
has been adopted as a major global … refuge in Corn Belt areas and at least a 50% non-Bt corn …

… for US Bt maize growers, but compliance rates have declined in … US The pyramided Bt
maize contain two or more Bt proteins that … (IRM) programs to ensure the sustainable use of Bt …

… More specifically, for Bt corn, the EPA requires registrants to … produce the Bt toxin but do
provide a sustainable habitat for the … /ha, a price for corn of $80/tonne, a $20/ha technology cost …

… Fourth, more refuge is needed for resistance management when supplemental spray … The
intere The pest-free yield and production cost of Bt corn is the same as refu mark simulation. …

… Practical resistance to Bt corn has been documented for … crops are increased adoption rates
and concomittantly reduced … abundant refuges can delay pest resistance to transgenic crops. …

… This devastating beetle pest and closely related species cost US … Analysis of more than a
decade of resistance monitoring … by Bt corn and cotton suggests that the principles of the refuge …

… fitness costs of resistance); and (3) aspects of insect behavior … pyramided Bt corn technologies
also have a reduced refuge … an IRM plan which enables the sustainable use of a valuable …

… to plant non-Bt maize as a refuge for the Asian corn borer, … meets society's need for sustainable
use of the technology and … body in charge of commercial release of transgenic crops in …

… and fitness costs, factors that are not usually considered in … that non-Bt corn provides the
best refuge to increase the … and use of insect resistant management models, a minimum 20% …