Abstract The East Antarctic Ice Sheet contains the vast majority of Earth's glacier ice (about
52 metres sea-level equivalent), but is often viewed as less vulnerable to global warming …

BACKGROUND Although thermal expansion of seawater and melting of mountain glaciers
have dominated global mean sea level (GMSL) rise over the last century, mass loss from the …

Climate tipping points occur when change in a part of the climate system becomes self-
perpetuating beyond a warming threshold, leading to substantial Earth system impacts …

Abstract The Paris Agreement aims to limit global mean warming in the twenty-first century to
less than 2 degrees Celsius above preindustrial levels, and to promote further efforts to limit …

Despite considerable advances in process understanding, numerical modeling, and the
observational record of ice sheet contributions to global mean sea-level rise (SLR) since the …

Polar temperatures over the last several million years have, at times, been slightly warmer
than today, yet global mean sea level has been 6–9 metres higher as recently as the Last …

Variations in Earth's orbit pace the glacial-interglacial cycles of the Quaternary, but the
mechanisms that transform regional and seasonal variations in solar insolation into glacial …

Tipping elements are components of the Earth system which may respond nonlinearly to
anthropogenic climate change by transitioning toward substantially different long‐term …

Geological data indicate that global mean sea level has fluctuated on 10 3 to 10 6 yr time
scales during the last∼ 25 million years, at times reaching 20 m or more above modern. If …

Over the past 3.5 million years, there have been several intervals when climate conditions
were warmer than during the pre-industrial Holocene. Although past intervals of warming …