Atherosclerosis leading to stenosis of the internal carotid artery is the underlying cause of 8–
15% of ischaemic strokes (symptomatic carotid stenosis). 1–2% of the adult population have …

The ACCF/AHA writing committee to create the 2011 Guideline on the Management of
Patients With Extracranial Carotid and Vertebral Artery Disease (ECVD) conducted a …

Heart disease is the major leading cause of death and disability in the world. Mainly
affecting the elderly population, heart disease and its main outcome, cardiovascular …

There is considerable utility in the use of transcranial Doppler ultrasound (TCD) to assess
cerebrovascular function. The brain is unique in its high energy and oxygen demand but …

Significant advances in vascular disease medical intervention since large randomized trials
for asymptomatic severe carotid stenosis were conducted (1983–2003) have prompted …

Cerebrovascular reactivity is the change in cerebral blood flow in response to a vasodilatory
or vasoconstrictive stimulus. Measuring variations of cerebrovascular reactivity between …

Background and Purpose—Impairments in cerebrovascular reserve (CVR) have been
variably associated with increased risk of ischemic events and may stratify stroke risk in …

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) has rapidly emerged as a powerful tool for
studying brain function, despite the fact that it measures neuronal activity indirectly, through …

Cross-sectional studies suggest that impaired cerebral haemodynamics is associated with
symptomatic status in patients with carotid stenosis and occlusion, but there is relatively little …

Objective: To review the use of transcranial Doppler ultrasonography (TCD) and transcranial
color-coded sonography (TCCS) for diagnosis. Methods: The authors searched the literature …