Systemic or interoceptive stressors, 28 in the context of the four chronic gastrointestinal
disorders listed above, can occur in the form of mucosal inflammation (IBD, PUD) or tissue …

Norepinephrine is involved in intrinsic control of pain. Main sources of norepinephrine are
sympathetic nerves peripherally and noradrenergic brainstem nuclei A1–A7 centrally …

Alpha (α)-2-Adrenergic receptor (AR) agonists have been the focus of interest for their
sedative, analgesic, perioperative sympatholytic, anesthetic-sparing, and hemodynamic …

Abstract Alpha 2-adrenoreceptor agonists (α 2-agonists) are commonly used in small animal
anaesthesia for their potent sedative and analgesic properties, although concerns about …

Intrathecal opioids are widely used as useful adjuncts in the treatment of acute and chronic
pain, and a number of non-opioid drugs show promise as analgesic drugs with spinal …

Thanks largely to the study of the brainstem nuclei that mediate stimulation analgesia, the
involvement of the monoamines in the descending control of pain is now well established …

Owners surrender millions of cats to animal shelters each year for euthanasia. 1
Inappropriate elimination, most commonly associated with urologic signs, was the most …

Medetomidine is a relatively new sedative analgesic in dogs and cats but some precautions
are required when using it. It is a potent α2-adrenoceptor agonist and stimulates receptors …

The introduction of newer more selective α− 2 adrenergic agonist, dexmedetomidine has
made a revolution in the field of anesthesia owing to its varied application. The aim of the …

Backgroundα2-Adrenoceptor agonists administered into the intrathecal and epidural space
have been found to be effective in the treatment of chronic pain. Moreover, it was shown that …