Cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide, and the factors responsible for its
progression need to be elucidated. Exosomes are structures with an average size of 100 nm …

Exosomes are extracellular vesicles secreted by most eukaryotic cells and participate in
intercellular communication. The components of exosomes, including proteins, DNA, mRNA …

Metastasis is the hallmark of cancer that is responsible for the greatest number of cancer-
related deaths. Yet, it remains poorly understood. The continuous evolution of cancer …

In the era of the rapid development of cancer immunotherapy, there is a high level of interest
in the application of cell-released small vesicles that stimulate the immune system. As cell …

Epithelial‐mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a complex process with a primordial role in
cellular transformation whereby an epithelial cell transforms and acquires a mesenchymal …

Tumor-derived exosomes (TDEs) participate in formation and progression of different cancer
processes, including tumor microenvironment (TME) remodeling, angiogenesis, invasion …

Macrophages, which have functions of engulfing and digesting foreign substances, can
clear away harmful matter, including cellular debris and tumor cells. Based on the condition …

Adenosine is an evolutionary ancient metabolic regulator linking energy state to physiologic
processes, including immunomodulation and cell proliferation. Tumors create an adenosine …

Tumors are not isolated entities, but complex systemic networks involving cell-cell
communication between transformed and non-transformed cells. The milieu created by …

Background Exosomes play crucial roles in regulating the crosstalk between normal and
cancer cells in the tumor microenvironment, and in regulating cancer proliferation, migration …