Since the first demonstration of the generation of attosecond pulses (1 as= 10− 18 s) in the
extreme-ultraviolet spectral region, several measurement techniques have been introduced …

In the 60 years since the invention of the laser, the scientific community has developed
numerous fields of research based on these bright, coherent light sources, including the …

Free-electron lasers generate high-brilliance coherent radiation at wavelengths spanning
from the infrared to the X-ray domains. The recent development of short-wavelength seeded …

Control over the intensity, shape, direction and phase of coherent light is essential in
numerous fields, from gravitational wave astronomy, quantum metrology and ultrafast …

X-ray free-electron lasers (FELs) are state-of-the-art scientific tools capable to study matter
on the scale of atomic processes. Since the initial operation of X-ray FELs more than a …

In the field of beam physics, two frontier topics have taken center stage due to their potential
to enable new approaches to discovery in a wide swath of science. These areas are …

Intense attosecond X-ray pulses are key for ultrafast nonlinear spectroscopy and diffractive
imaging. Here we demonstrate the generation of terawatt-scale isolated attosecond pulses …

Pump–probe experiments with subfemtosecond resolution are the key to understanding
electronic dynamics in quantum systems. Here we demonstrate the generation and control …

Reaching light intensities above 1025 W cm− 2 and up to the Schwinger limit of order 1029
W cm− 2 would enable the testing of fundamental predictions of quantum electrodynamics. A …

The recent construction of free electron lasers allows extending laboratory-based laser
experiments to shorter wavelengths, accessing wavevectors typical of nanoscale dynamics …