Introduction: There has long been an interest in the effects of diet on mental health, and the
interaction of the two with stress; however, the nature of these relationships is not well …

This review aims to synthesise a large pre-clinical and clinical literature related to a
hypothesised role of the locus coeruleus norepinephrine system in responses to acute and …

In human addicts, drug relapse and craving are often provoked by stress. Since 1995, this
clinical scenario has been studied using a rat model of stress-induced reinstatement of drug …

It has been known for decades that degeneration of the locus coeruleus (LC), the major
noradrenergic nucleus in the brain, occurs in both Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's …

Entropy, a concept derived from thermodynamics and information theory, describes the
amount of uncertainty and disorder within a system. Self-organizing systems engage in a …

Background Childhood maltreatment has been linked to a variety of changes in brain
structure and function and stress–responsive neurobiological systems. Epidemiological …

Through a widespread efferent projection system, the locus coeruleus–noradrenergic
system supplies norepinephrine throughout the central nervous system. Initial studies …

Background and rationale Results from many clinical studies suggest that drug relapse and
craving are often provoked by acute exposure to the self-administered drug or related drugs …

Brain areas implicated in the stress response include the amygdala, hippocampus, and
prefrontal cortex. Traumatic stress can be associated with lasting changes in these brain …

This transdisciplinary review of the literature addresses the questions, Do stress and
negative affect (NA) promote smoking? and Does smoking genuinely relieve stress and NA …