Research has revealed that local application of exogenous opioid agonists produces a
potent analgesic effect by activating peripheral opioid receptors in inflamed tissues. The …

Opioids are broad-spectrum analgesics with potent pain-relieving qualities but also with
potential adverse effects related to both short-term and long-term therapy. Researchers have …

Opioids are the gold standard for pain treatment but systemic opioid use is accompanied by
central and intestinal side effects. As opioid receptors are expressed on peripheral sensory …

Opioids have long been thought to act exclusively within the central nervous system. An
increasing number of studies recently reported the existence of opioid receptors outside the …

Opioid receptors are expressed on peripheral sensory nerve endings, cutaneous cells, and
immune cells; and local application of opioids is used for the treatment of inflammatory pain …

Recent experimental and clinical research has demonstrated that opioids can produce
potent and receptor-specific analgesic effects outside the central nervous system. Opioid …

IMPLICATIONS: The major analgesic effects of opioid medication are mediated within the
brain and spinal cord. Many of the side effects of opioids are caused by activation of …

Traditionally, opioid analgesia has been attributed to the activation of opioid receptors
exclusively within the central nervous system. In fact, standard text books still teach medical …

Mechanisms of endogenous pain control are significant. Increasing studies have clearly
produced evidence for the clinical usefulness of opioids in peripheral analgesia. The …

Opioids can produce potent analgesia by activating opioid receptors outside the central
nervous system, thus avoiding centrally mediated unwanted effects. Peripheral opioid …