Neuroimmune interactions control pain through activation of opioid receptors on sensory
nerves by immune-derived opioid peptides. Here we evaluate mechanisms of intrinsic pain …

This review summarizes recent findings on neuro-immune mechanisms underlying opioid-
mediated inhibition of pain. The focus is on events occurring in peripheral injured tissues …

Recent research has shown that effective inhibition of pain by endogenous mechanisms can
be generated within peripheral tissue, outside the central nervous system. Studies using …

Peripheral immune cell-mediated analgesia in inflammation is an important endogenous
mechanism of pain control. Opioid receptors localized on peripheral sensory nerve terminals …

Recent findings have suggested a significant involvement of the immune system in the
control of pain. Immune cells contain opioid peptides that are released within inflamed tissue …

Opioids are the most powerful analgesics. As pain is driven by sensory transmission and
opioid receptors couple to inhibitory G proteins, according to the classical concept, opioids …

Opioid peptides derived from immune cells produce analgesia by activating opioid receptors
on peripheral sensory nerves in inflammation. Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) and …

Ability to perceive physiological pain is essential in protecting the individual from tissue
destruction. In contrast, pathological chronic pain is an expression of maladaptive alterations …

Opioid receptors are widely expressed in the central and peripheral nervous system as well
as in numerous nonneuronal tissues. Both animal models and human clinical data support …

Classically, pain sensation or suppression has been attributed exclusively to neuronal
circuits. This review challenges this notion and presents an expanded concept about the …