The influence of sex has been largely described in cardiovascular diseases. Atherosclerosis
is a complex process that involves many cell types such as vessel cells, immune cells and …

Nearly all cardiovascular diseases show sexual dimorphisms in prevalence, presentation,
and outcomes. Until recently, most clinical trials were carried out in males, and many animal …

It has become apparent over the past few decades that several factors can determine lethal
or sublethal alterations of cardiovascular system cell function such as inflammatory reaction …

Endothelial cells are important constituents of blood vessels and play a critical role in
vascular homeostasis. They do not only control the exchanges between the blood and the …

Objective Significant sex differences exist in cardiovascular diseases. Although an impact of
gonadal hormones is presumed, it is largely unknown whether sexually dimorphic gene …

One of the most critical aspects of any experimental design is choosing an appropriate
experimental model. This presents a particular challenge in sex differences research …

BACKGROUND: Biological sex differences play a vital role in cardiovascular diseases,
including atherosclerosis. The endothelium is a critical contributor to cardiovascular …

Reporting the sex of biological material is critical for transparency and reproducibility in
science. This study examined the reporting of the sex of cells used in cardiovascular studies …

Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory vascular disease and the predominant cause of
heart attack and ischemic stroke. Despite the well-known sexual dimorphism in the …

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the leading cause of death in the Western countries.
Several epidemiological studies have hypothesized a gender disparity in the pathogenesis …