Background/purpose: Sunscreen products today represent a trend of providing not only
simple sun protection factor (SPF)/protection of UVA (PFA) but also other additional benefits …

While sun protection factor (SPF) and UVA protection are the most important determinants of
a cosmetic sunscreen product, water resistance is the third important feature. The C olipa in …

The aim of the study was to develop a simple reproducible and reliable in vitro water
resistance (WR) method to assess the sun care products. This paper is the result of a …

Objective Water resistance retention (WRR) is the third performance attribute of sunscreens.
Today, the standardized method for testing WRR is performed in vivo. For screening …

A new laboratory in vitro method for the measurement of sunscreen water resistance uses
spectrophotometric analysis of a model skin substitute before and after 80-minute …

Objective An efficient sunscreen product needs to offer broad spectrum photostable UV
protection during consumer use. Water resistance has become an additional criterion …

A novel in vitro technique has been used to assess the water resistance of topical
sunscreens. The technique is based upon transmission spectrometry using excised human …

Objectives The water resistance of sunscreen products has taken more importance for the
UV protection of consumers involved in water activities and sports. The present work …

Substantivity of sunscreen formulations is affected by the wash‐out rate of ultraviolet‐
absorber and‐reflector compounds in water. Water‐resistance of sunscreen formulations is …

Objectives Extended water exposure can cause stratum corneum swelling and a more
porous skin barrier. People often wear water‐resistant sunscreen formulations during …