Many surgical procedures performed in the thoracic region can easily damage cutaneous
nerves important for the sensory innervation of the female breast. A better understanding of …

There are widely differing accounts in the literature of the origin, course, and distribution of
the nerves to the breast and especially to the nipple and areola. This, together with our own …

Although preservation of the sensitivity of the nipple and areola is an important goal in
breast surgery, only scant and contradictory information about the course and distribution of …

Cooper in 1840 described mammary branches from the 2nd–6th intercostal nerves, and
noticed that the nipple was supplied by branches which lay close to the surface of the gland …

Background: Primary cadaveric studies were reviewed to give a contemporary overview of
what is known about innervation of the female breast and nipple/nipple-areola complex …

The main sources of blood supply to the breast are described in textbooks as the internal
thoracic, lateral thoracic, and posterior intercostal arteries. Textbooks, however, do not …

Anatomical findings from 28 breast specimens of female corpses have shown a thin
horizontal fibrous septum, originating from the pectoral fascia along the level of the fifth rib …

Despite contradictory information about the course and distribution of the nerves supplying
the breast, surgical techniques using an inferior pedicle have been recommended over …

Introduction. Previous anatomical and clinical studies have shown that nipple–areola
sensitivity decreased significantly after conventional superior and inferior pedicle technique …

MATERIALS AND METHODS The skin of the nipple and areola and the surrounding
unspecialized breast skin was studied in freshly amputated breasts from 15 women whose …