Objectives Research on the psychobiology of partnering and fathering has focused on
testosterone (T), oxytocin, and prolactin (PRL) as mechanisms that potentially mediate life …

Past paternal psychobiology research has focused almost exclusively on biological,
residential fathers and the role of fathers as direct caregivers. Here, drawing on a large …

In species with a high level of paternal care, including humans, testosterone (T) is believed
to help mediate the trade-off between parenting and mating effort. This hypothesis is …

Humans have evolved a life history characterized by the production of highly immature
offspring, the early weaning of those offspring, who then remain dependent for a decade or …

To expand our understanding of the neuroendocrine mechanisms underlying human
fatherhood, including its cross-cultural expression, we investigated the hormonal correlates …

Testosterone (T) is thought to help facilitate trade-offs between mating and parenting in
humans. Across diverse cultural settings married men and fathers have lower T than other …

Testosterone (T) is lower among fathers and men in committed relationships, suggesting that
the hormone mediates the trade-off between mating and parenting effort. The function of T in …

In species in which males care for young, testosterone (T) is often high during mating
periods but then declines to allow for caregiving of resulting offspring. This model may apply …

The transition to parenthood has been associated with declines in testosterone among
partnered fathers, which may reflect males' motivation to invest in the family. Moreover …

There is evidence that men's testosterone levels decline across the transition to fatherhood
and that this decline may reflect fathers' investment in the new family. There is also emerging …