Background Many brain areas participate to supraspinal control of nociception. In these
regions, few studies have investigated the role of glial cells in supraspinal plasticity and the …

Background It is unknown why an acute pain condition under various circumstances can
transition into a chronic pain condition. There has been a shift towards neuroinflammation …

Microglial activation in the spinal cord plays a central role in the development and
maintenance of chronic pain after a peripheral nerve injury (PNI). There has not yet been a …

Recent experimental results have demonstrated a glial activation during long-term pain that
produces and releases cytokines, free oxygen radicals, nitric oxide, and other neuroactive …

Background Spinal reactive astrocytes and microglia are known to participate to the initiation
and maintenance of neuropathic pain. However, whether reactive astrocytes and microglia …

Peripheral nerve and spinal cord injuries, along with other painful syndromes such as
fibromyalgia, diabetic neuropathy, chemotherapeutic neuropathy, trigeminal neuralgia …

The clinical burden faced by chronic pain patients is compounded by affective comorbidities,
such as depression and anxiety disorders. Emerging evidence suggests that reactive glial …

Neuropathic pain results from injury or disease causing dysfunction at any level of the
somatosensory (primarily spinothalamic) system, including peripheral nociceptive axons …

Highlights•Cytokines modulate neurotransmission, synaptic plasticity, and neurogenesis.•
Activated glia and cytokines in pain circuits contribute to chronic pain.•Neural imaging …

Background Altered hypothalamo-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activity may be accompanied
by a modulation of pain sensitivity. In a model of neuropathic pain (chronic constriction …