For three decades, we have known that estrogens alter the development of the mammalian
reproductive system in predictable ways. In mice exposed prenatally to diethylstilbestrol …

This review addresses whether there is a secular increasing trend in male reproductive
developmental disorders (cryptorchidism, hypospadias, testis cancer, low sperm counts) …

Over the past 20 years, the documented increase in the disorders of male sexual
differentiation, such as hypospadias, cryptorchidism, and micropenis, has led to the …

Estrogen has always been considered the female hormone and testosterone the male
hormone. However, estrogen's presence in the testis and deleterious effects of estrogen …

Estrogens have traditionally been considered female hormones. Nevertheless, the presence
of estrogen in males has been known for over 90 years. Initial studies suggested that …

Many chemicals in the environment mimic the female sex hormone, estrogen. Exposure to
environmental estrogens during early fetal development was proposed by Sharpe & …

After testis formation, further development of a male phenotype (masculinisation) is driven by
three hormones from the foetal testis: anti-Müllerian hormone, insulin-like factor 3, and …

Although it has been known for many years that estrogen administration has deleterious
effects on male fertility, data from transgenic mice deficient in estrogen receptors or …

Male sexual differentiation relies upon testicular secretion of the hormones testosterone,
Mullerian inhibiting substance, and insulin-3 (Insl3). Insl3 is responsible for testicular …

Endocrine disrupters are exogenous substances that cause adverse effects in the endocrine
system. Sexual differentiation is regulated by reproductive hormones. Male differentiation is …