Antigens that are expressed on the surface of pathogens in an organized, highly repetitive
form can activate specific B cells by cross-linking of antigen receptors in a multivalent …

The surface immunoglobulin that serves as the B-cell antigen receptor (BCR) has two roles
in B-cell activation. First, like the antigen receptor on T cells, it transmits signals directly to …

Humoral immunity to viruses and encapsulated bacteria is comprised of T cell–independent
type 2 (TI-2) antibody responses that are characterized by rapid antibody production by …

The innate immune system uses a wide variety of pattern recognition receptors including
TLRs, scavenger receptors, and lectins to identify potential pathogens. A carefully regulated …

The control of systemic infection by encapsulated microorganisms requires T-independent
type II (TI-2) Ab responses to bacterial polysaccharides. To understand how such responses …

It is well established that Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a critical role in the generation of
innate immune responses and thereby also play an important, indirect role in the initiation of …

Although innate signals driven by Toll-like receptors (TLRs) play a crucial role in T-
dependent immune responses and serological memory, the precise cellular and time …

Here, we describe a previously unrecognized pathway for activation of antigen-specific
adaptive immune responses that was independent of Toll-Interleukin 1 Receptor signaling …

According to the current model, naive B cell activation is dependent on the sequential
integration of two signals: B cell receptor (BCR) cross‐linking by antigen, followed by …

Human T lymphocytes are activated by two lineage-specific surface components: the
antigen/major histocompatibility complex receptor (T3-Ti) and the unrelated T11 molecule …