The mechanisms underlying the age-dependent reversal of female cardioprotection are
poorly understood and complicated by findings that estrogen replacement is ineffective at …

Reduced efficacy of cardioprotective interventions in the aged female heart, including
estrogen replacement, highlights the need for alternative therapeutics to reduce myocardial …

The effects of estrogen deficiency on the loss of cardioprotection with advancing age are
complex and poorly understood. A major focus of the current study was to uncover a …

Despite conflicting evidence for the efficacy of hormone replacement therapy in
cardioprotection of postmenopausal women, numerous studies have demonstrated …

Females have a lower incidence of heart failure and improved survival after myocardial
ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) compared with males. Although estrogen-suppressed …

Premenopausal females have a lower incidence of cardiovascular disease than their male
counterparts, but the mechanism is unclear. Estrogen has been thought to signal through …

Sex differences in myocardial recovery have been reported after acute ischemia and
reperfusion injury. Estrogen and the estrogen receptor are critical determinants of …

Three types of estrogen receptors (ER) exist in the heart, Esr1, Esr2 and the G protein-
coupled estrogen receptor 1, Gper1. However, their relative importance in mediating …

Both advancing age and estrogen loss exacerbate acute myocardial infarction in the female
heart. However, the mechanistic underpinnings of age-related differences in cell death after …

Introduction: Ischemic heart disease remains the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in
aged women, with a 2‐to 3‐fold increase in incidence following menopause. Clinical trials …