Peripheral immune cell-mediated analgesia in inflammation is an important endogenous
mechanism of pain control. Opioid receptors localized on peripheral sensory nerve terminals …

Mechanisms of endogenous pain control are significant. Increasing studies have clearly
produced evidence for the clinical usefulness of opioids in peripheral analgesia. The …

Ability to perceive physiological pain is essential in protecting the individual from tissue
destruction. In contrast, pathological chronic pain is an expression of maladaptive alterations …

Peripheral mechanisms of endogenous pain control are significant. In peripheral inflamed
tissue, an interaction between immune-cell-derived opioids and opioid receptors localized …

This review summarizes recent findings on neuro-immune mechanisms underlying opioid-
mediated inhibition of pain. The focus is on events occurring in peripheral injured tissues …

Chronic pain represents one of the most serious worldwide medical problems, in terms of
both social and economic costs, often causing severe and intractable physical and …

Opioid receptors are widely expressed in the central and peripheral nervous system as well
as in numerous nonneuronal tissues. Both animal models and human clinical data support …

Neuropathic pain is a compilation of somatosensory, cognitive and emotional alterations
developing following nerve injuries. Such pain often outlasts the initial cause and becomes …

Classically, pain sensation or suppression has been attributed exclusively to neuronal
circuits. This review challenges this notion and presents an expanded concept about the …

Opioids can produce potent analgesia by activating opioid receptors outside the central
nervous system, thus avoiding centrally mediated unwanted effects. Peripheral opioid …