Despite the contrasts in chemistry and toxicity, for blister and nerve chemical warfare agents
there may be some analogous proteolytic and inflammatory mediators and pathological …

Irritant or toxic chemicals have been used in warfare since ancient times and a number of
international laws have attempted to prevent the use of such weapons. However, chemical …

The toxicity of the chemical warfare blistering agent sulfur mustard (2, 2'-dichlorodiethyl
sulfide; SM) has been investigated for nearly a century; however, the toxicological …

For the past 15 years the international research community has conducted a basic and
applied research program aimed at identifying a medical countermeasure against chemical …

The ability of vesicant agents to produce debilitating cutaneous blisters, respiratory
problems, and acute visual impairment is well recognized. The primary medical care …

Studies cited by Cowan et al.[J. Appl. Toxicol. 23, 177 (2003)] indicate existence of
inflammatory and cholinergic pathways in both nerve agents and sulfur mustard (HD) injury …

Publisher Summary Chemically, sulfur mustard (SM) is bis (2-chloroethyl) sulfide and is well
known as mustard gas. There are various mustard agents. However, SM is one of the most …

Chemical warfare agents are potentially accessible to even underdeveloped nations
because they are easily and inexpensively produced. This means that they are ideal for use …

Blister agents (sulfur mustards, lewisite, and nitrogen mustards) are chemicals that cause
severe damage to the skin. Developed as chemical warfare agents, their biological activity is …

Chemical warfare agents are ideal weapons for terrorists and for use in military operations
against both civilian populations and troops. Thus, there have been efforts by the United …