Elasmosaurs were extremely long-necked, aquatic reptiles that used four flippers for
locomotion. Their distinctive long neck distinguishes them from all other Mesozoic forms, yet …

Plesiosaurs were a diverse clade of marine reptiles that spanned nearly three-quarters of
the Mesozoic (earliest Jurassic to latest Cretaceous). They exhibit variation in head and …

Elasmosaurs were a group of marine reptiles that lived during the Cretaceous period (about
145 million to 66 million years ago). They were fully adapted to an aquatic lifestyle, and had …

The physical properties of water and the environment it presents to its inhabitants provide
stringent constraints and selection pressures affecting aquatic adaptation and evolution …

A number of extant and extinct archosaurs evolved an elongate, narrow rostrum. This
longirostrine condition has been associated with a diet comprising a higher proportion of fish …

The anatomy of the alvarezsaurian tail has received relatively little attention in the
paleontological literature, even though it shows a peculiar combination of anatomical …

The evolution and function of the long neck in plesiosaurs, and how the problems
associated with stiffness or flexibility were overcome during feeding, or rapid swimming …

The flexibility and posture of the neck in sauropod dinosaurs has long been contentious.
Improved constraints on sauropod neck function will have major implications for what we …

Piatnitzkysauridae were Jurassic theropods that represented the earliest diverging branch of
Megalosauroidea, being one of the earliest lineages to have evolved moderate body size …

A very long neck is a characteristic feature of most sauropod dinosaurs. In the genus
Mamenchisaurus, neck length is extreme, greater than 40 percent of total body length …